receptors in the brain that controls insulin responses; stimulation of these has been found to reduce neurodegeneration of brain cells and preserve learning and memory in rats with induced Alzheimer's disease, raising the possibility that patients in the very early stages of Alzheimer’s might be treatable. PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma were effective in reducing amyloid gene expression, while PPAR delta had the most benefit for reducing oxidative stress and improving learning and memory. PPAR gamma is already FDA approved as a treatment for Type 2 diabetes.